The Heritage of Tsarist Russia’s Military Forts as an Object of Postcolonial Revision: Case of the Kaunas School of Art Building 1922–1923

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31866/2410-1915.24.2023.287707

Keywords:

European cultural heritage, Kaunas School of Art, Vladimiras Dubeneckis, postcolonial, retro-futurism, Kaunas Fortress, a military fort

Abstract

The aim of the article is to rethink which objects in contemporary Lithuania are worth being European cultural heritage and which are not — as many of them are now being used by the neighboured aggressive country as examples (politicised arguments) for today’s Russia’s imperial historical narratives. Results of the research demonstrate that the discussion on mitigations of Tsarist Russia’s military forts heritage is a new topic, as the recent decades in Lithuania have shown that the heritage of military forts’ architecture in the post-soviet decades is being protected even more than in Soviet Russia’s occupation period. So, this trend in Lithuanian cultural Heritage research emerges as an object worth deeper postcolonial revision. Significant is building the future from the past. Within this frame of thinking, the article invites us to remember the national history and select well-known cases from the country’s past as most valuable for national and cultural identity. The example of the famous 100-year-old Art School building in Kaunas city (which in the interwar period 1918–1940 was the temporary capital of the Republic of Lithuania) was chosen as the article’s main case study. After 100 years, there are no longer any doubts or debates as to how much the area of the 9th battery in Kaunas Oaks Hill (Ąžuolų kalnas) has “suffered” due to the fact that the complex of buildings of the Lithuanian national Art School was built in a Tsarist Russia military fortress plot. This is evidenced by the other mentioned cases — today outstanding national cultural heritage objects were built a century ago replacing Tsarist Russia’s military architecture, meanwhile, according to the laws in force today — these buildings should be protected. Conclusions. Russia’s war against Ukraine, it’s the right time to reassess countries’ critical heritage: in which situations it is worth, how much it is worth, and in which it is no longer worth protecting the architectural heritage of military power formed by Tsarist Russia, especially when it is ruined and too difficult to adapt it to the needs of modern people.

Author Biography

Lina Preisegalaviciene, Vytautas Magnus University

PhD in Art Studies, Architecture, Associate Professor

References

Bitinaitė-Širvinskienė, R. (2008). Scenografijos pradžiamokslis Kauno meno mokykloje [Beginner course in scenography at the Kaunas School of Art]. In R. Kogelytė-Simanaitienė (Ed.), Modernios Lietuvos dailės ištakos: Kauno meno mokykla [The origins of modern art of Lithuania: Kaunas School of Art] (pp. 113–131). Academiae Artium Vilnensis [in Lithuanian].

Buchanan, I. (2010). A Dictionary of Critical Theory. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780199532919.001.0001 [in English].

Buržinskas, Ž. (2022). Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės katalikų ir stačiatikių sakralinės architektūros meninės sąsajos ir transformacijos carinės Rusijos valdymo metais [Artistic Interfaces of Catholic and Orthodox Sacred Architecture of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Transformations During the Rule of Czarist Russia] [Doctoral Dissertation, Vytautas Magnus University]. https://www.vdu.lt/cris/entities/etd/dc6498be-a930-45d8-a339-3cca555a6fe2/details [in Lithuanian].

Čepaitienė, R. (2002). Požiūriai į kultūros paveldą dabarties Lietuvoje [Approaches to cultural heritage in present-day Lithuania]. Kultūros paminklai, 9, 10–19 [in Lithuanian].

Čepaitienė, R. (2006). Kultūros paveldas ir lietuviškasis tapatumas [Cultural heritage and Lithuanian identity]. In Kultūros paveldas ir visuomenė XXI a., nacionaliniai ir tarptautiniai aspektai [Cultural heritage and society in the 21st century, national and international aspects] (pp. 47–54). Vilniaus dailės akademijos leidykla [in Lithuanian].

Dubeneckis, V. (1923). Sargo namo prie Meno mokyklos Kaune projektas. Situacijos planas, aukštų planai, fasadai, pjūviai. Popierius, spalvota kopija [The project of the caretaker’s house near the Kaunas School of Art. Site plan, floor plans, facades, sections. Paper, color copy] (AFP-4252), Vilnius Regional State Archive, Vilnius, Lithuania [in Lithuanian].

Dubeneckis, V. (1925). Apie mūsų architektūrą [About our architecture]. Baras, 1, 89–95 [in Lithuanian].

Fiorino, D. R. (Ed.). (2017). Military Landscapes. A future for military heritage [International Conference]. Skira [in English].

Galaunė, P. (1968). Projektavęs ir statęs Kaune [Designed and built in Kaunas]. Gimtasis kraštas, 36, 2 [in Lithuanian].

Galaunė, P. (1970). Neišsenkančios energijos žmogus [A man of inexhaustible energy]. In I. Kostkevičiūtė (Ed.), Justinas Vienožinskis. Straipsniai, dokumentai laiškai, amžininkų atsiminimai [Justinas Vienožinskis. Articles, documents, letters, memoirs of contemporaries] (pp. 294–295). Vaga [in Lihuanian].

Government of the Republic of Lithuania. (2003, October 9). Dėl nekilnojamųjų kultūros vertybių paskelbimo kultūros paminklais [Regarding the declaration of immovable cultural values as cultural monuments] (Resolution No. 1265). E-Seimas. https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/TAIS.219336 [in Lithuanian].

Jankevičienė, A., Levandauskas, V., Lukšionytė-Tolvaišienė, N., Puodžiukienė, D., & Rupeikienė, M. (2000). Lietuvos architektūros istorija. Nuo XIX a. II-ojo dešimtmečio iki 1918 [History of Lithuanian architecture since 2nd decade of 19th century till 1918]. Savastis [in Lithuanian].

Kančienė, J. (1991). Kauno architektūra [Architecture of Kaunas]. In A. Jankevičienė (Ed.), Meno mokykla ir laikinoji M. K. Čiurlionio dailės galerija. A. Mackevičiaus g. 27, 29 [Art school and temporary M. K. Čiurlionis art gallery. A. Mackevičius str. 27, 29] (pp. 160–162). Mokslas [in Lithuanian].

[KAU] Kauno tvirtovė [[KAU] Kaunas Fortress]. (n.d.). Miestai.net. Retrieved January 6, 2023, from https://www.miestai.net/forumas/forum/bendrosios-diskusijos/miestai-ir-architekt%C5%ABra/312-kau-kauno-tvirtov%C4%97 [in Lithuanian].

Kauno meno mokyklos statinių ir Kauno tvirtovės 9-tosios baterijos liekanų komplekso meno mokyklos rūmai [Buildings of the Kaunas School of Art and the Kaunas Fortress 9th Battery Complex, the Palace of the Art School]. (n.d.). Kultūros paveldo departamentas. Retrieved September 3, 2022, from https://kvr.kpd.lt/#/static-heritage-detail/e1676b45-306f-4531-a5fc-46ec0cc5b59f [in Lithuanian].

Kauno tvirtovės parkas. (n.d.). Istorija [History]. Retrieved January 23, 2023, from https://www.kaunotvirtove.lt/istorija [in Lithuanian].

Kauno tvirtovės VII fortas. (n.d.). Istorija [History]. Retrieved January 23, 2023, from https://www.septintasfortas.lt/istorija/ [in Lithuanian].

Kauno IX forto muziejus. (n.d.). Istorija [History]. Retrieved January 23, 2023, from https://www.9fortomuziejus.lt/istorija/muziejus/ [in Lithuanian].

Lietuvos Aukštųjų kursų prašymas nupirkti piešimo modelius Meno mokyklai, Dokumentas [Request of the Lithuanian University of Higher Education to buy drawing models for the Art School, Document]. (1920). (Fund 156, Inventory 1, b. 34, l. 16), Kaunas Regional State Archives, Kaunas, Lithuania [in Lithuanian].

Lietuvos jūrų muziejus. (n.d.). Istorija ir veikla [History and activities]. Retrieved January 6, 2023, from https://muziejus.lt/lt/istorija-ir-veikla [in Lithuanian].

Lukšionytė-Tolvaišienė, N. (2001). Gubernijos laikotarpis Kauno architektūroje. Svarbiausi pastatai ir jų kūrėjai (1843–1915) [The period of the governorship in the architecture of Kaunas. The most important buildings and their creators (1843–1915)] [Monograph]. Vytautas Magnus University [in Lithuanian].

Meno mokyklos pastato šablonai. Originalai [Art school building templates. Originals]. (1923). (Fund 156, Inventory 1, b. 9), Kaunas Regional State Archives, Kaunas, Lithuania [in Lithuanian].

Meno mokyklos projektavimo dokumentai. Brėžiniai, planai, schemos. Originalai ir kopijos [Art school design documents. Drawings, plans, schemes. Originals and copies]. (1922–1923). (Fund 156, Inventory 1, b. 10), Kaunas Region-al State Archives, Kaunas, Lithuania [in Lithuanian].

Meno mokyklos projektavimo dokumentai. Projektai, eskizai, schemos. Nuotraukos, originalai ir kopijos [Art school design documents. Projects, sketches, schemes. Photographs, originals and copies]. (1922). (Fund 156, Inventory 1, b. 1), Kaunas Regional State Archives, Kaunas, Lithuania [in Lithuanian].

Meno mokyklos projektavimo ir statybos dokumentai. Sąskaitos, sąmatos, situacijos plano eskizai [Art school design and construction documents. Accounts, estimates, situation plan sketches]. (1922–1923). (Fund 156, Inventory 1, b. 2), Kaunas Regional State Archives, Kaunas, Lithuania [in Lithuanian].

Meno mokyklos sargų namo projektas. V. Dubeneckio eskizas, nerealizuotas A. Kellermiulerio eskizas [Art school guard house project. Sketch by V. Dubeneckis, unrealized sketch by A. Kellermüler]. (1923). (Fund 156, Inventory 1, b. 11), Kaunas Regional State Archives, Kaunas, Lithuania [in Lithuanian & German].

Miknevičius, V. (1988). Prisiminimų žiežirbos [Sparks of memories]. Kauno Tiesa, 268, 4 [in Lithuanian].

Minister of Culture of the Republic of Lithuania. (2005, April 29). Dėl nekilnojamų kultūros vertybių pripažinimo saugomomis [Regarding the recognition of immovable cultural values as protected] (Order No. KV-190). E-Seimas. https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/TAIS.255363 [in Lithuanian].

Nerimuotis, R. (1922). Kauno kronika. Meno mokykla [Kaunas chronicle. Art school]. Tėvynės balsas, 191, 4 [in Lithuanian].

Orlov, V. (2007). Kauno tvirtovės istorija. 1882–1915 [History of Kaunas Fortress. 1882–1915]. Vytautas Magnus University Military History Center [in Lithuanian].

P. J. (1923). Iš Meno mokyklos [From the art school]. Lietuva, 260, 4 [in Lithuanian].

Petrulis, V. (2009). Architektūros politikos apraiškos Lietuvos tarpukario (1918–1940 m.) periodikoje: Tarp reprezentacijos ir socialinio teisingumo [Architectural policy discourses in Lithuanian interwar periodicals (1918–1940): Between representation and social justice]. Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 33(2), 126–134. https://doi.org/10.3846/13921630.2009.33.126-134 [in Lithuanian].

Petrulis, V. (2023). Architektūriniai miestų ir miestelių statybos bruožai [The architectural features of the construction of cities and towns] Chapter 4. In B. Tranavičiūtė (Ed.), Lietuvos miestų ir miestelių atstatymas 1918–1925 m. [The reconstruction of Lithuanian cities and towns 1918–1925] (pp. 179–361). Kaunas University of Technology [in Lithuanian].

Petrulis, V. (n.d.). Meno mokyklos Rūmai Kaune (Išlikęs, k.k.v.r. 10418) [Palace of Art School in Kaunas (surviving, K.K.V.R. 10418)]. Architektūros ir urbanistikos tyrimų centras. Retrieved January 6, 2023, from https://autc.lt/architekturos-objektas/?id=867 [in Lithuanian].

Preišegalavičienė, L. (2018). Tautinės modernybės architektas: Vladimiro Dubeneckio gyvenimas ir kūryba 1888–1932 [Architect of national modernity: The life and work of Vladimiras Dubeneckis 1888–1932]. M. K. Čiurlionis National Museum of Art [in Lithuanian].

Prie meno mokyklos sargams namas Kaune. Projektas [Art school guard house in Kaunas. Project]. (1923). (Fund 1622, Inventory 4, b. 1059), Lithuanian Central State Archives, Vilnius, Lithuania [in Lithuanian].

Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism. Routledge [in English].

Spagnesi, P. C. (Ed.). (2022). Difendere Roma. Architettura militare della capitale d’Italia 1870–1943 [Defending Rome. Military architecture of the capital of Italy 1870–1943]. Esercito [in Italian].

Steponaitytė, N. (2001). Kauno tvirtovė: projektavimas ir statyba [Kaunas Fortress: design and construction]. Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 25(3), 150–163 [in Lithuanian].

Steponaitytė, N. (2003). Kauno tvirtovės įtaka miesto plėtrai [The influence of Kaunas Fortress on the development of the city]. Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 27(2), 64–75 [in Lithuanian].

Steponaitytė, N. (2006). Kraštovaizdžio pritaikymas ir pertvarkymas statant Kauno tvirtovę [Landscape adaptation and redesign in the construction of Kaunas Fortress]. Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 30(4), 204–218. https://doi.org/10.3846/13921630.2006.10697081 [in Lithuanian].

Tchikine, A., & Davis, J. D. (Eds.). (2021). Military Landscapes. Harward University Press [in English].

Vaitkuvienė, A. (2008). Nuo nacionalistinės link socialinės paveldosaugos – du paveldo bumai posovietinėje Lietuvoje [From nationalist to social heritage conservation – two heritage booms in post-Soviet Lithuania]. Kultūros paminklai, 13, 43–51 [in Lithuanian].

Valantikonytė, V. (2022). Kauno tvirtovės problematika: IV forto istorinė raida ir kitų objektų paveldosauginiai ir šiuolaikinio pritaikymo aspektai [Kaunas Fortress problems: Historical development of the IV fort and heritage protection and modern adaptation aspects of other objects] [Master’s thesis, Vytautas Magnus University] [in Lithuanian].

Valiuškevičiūtė, A. (1971). Kauno meno mokykla [Kaunas School of Art] (V. Zaborskaitė, Ed.). Vaga [in Lithuanian].

Valiuškevičiūtė, A. (1997). Kauno meno mokykla 1922–1940 [Kaunas School of Art 1922–1940]. Vilniaus dailės akademijos leidykla [in Lithuanian].

Valiuškevičiūtė, A. (2008). Kauno meno mokyklos prisiminimų puslapius besklaidant [Exploring the pages of Kaunas School of Art memories]. In R. Kogelytė-Simanaitienė (Ed.), Modernios Lietuvos dailės ištakos: Kauno meno mokykla [The origins of modern art of Lithuania: Kaunas School of Art] (pp. 173–183). Academiae Artium Vilnensis [in Lithuanian].

Veliūtė, I. (2012). Kauno tvirtovės istorinis bei architektūrinis paveldas ir jo animavimo galimybės [Historical and architectural heritage of Kaunas Fortress and its animation possibilities] [Doctoral Dissertation, Vytautas Magnus University] [in Lithuanian].

Vienožinskis, J. (1970). Straipsniai, dokumentai laiškai, amžininkų atsiminimai [Articles, documents, letters, memoirs of contemporaries] (I. Kostkevičiūtė, Ed.). Vaga [in Lithuanian].

Virilio, P. (1994). Bunker Archeology (G. Collins, Trans.). Princeton Architectural Press [in English].

Vitruvius, P. M. (1914). The ten books on architecture (M. H. Morgan, Trans.). Harward University Press [in English].

Woodward, R. (2014). Looking at military landscapes: Definitions and approaches. In R. Bellais (Ed.), The evolving boundaries of defence: An assessment of recent shifts in defence activities (Vol. 23, pp. 139–153). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1572-832320140000023010 [in English].

Woodward, R. (2014). Military landscapes: Agendas and approaches for future research. Progress in Human Geography, 38(1), 40–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132513493219 [in English].

Zabiela, G. (1995). Pirmojo Lietuvos kultūros paminklų apsaugos įstatymo projektas [Draft of the First Law on the Protection of Lithuanian Cultural Monuments]. Kultūros paminklai, 2, 149–157 [in Lithuanian].

Žemaitytė, Z. (Ed.). (1980). 300 kultūros paminklų [300 cultural monuments]. Mintis [in Lithuanian].

Downloads

Published

2023-09-22

How to Cite

Preisegalaviciene, L. (2023). The Heritage of Tsarist Russia’s Military Forts as an Object of Postcolonial Revision: Case of the Kaunas School of Art Building 1922–1923. Culture and Arts in the Modern World, (24), 253–270. https://doi.org/10.31866/2410-1915.24.2023.287707

Issue

Section

DESIGN